Interprofessional collaboration in primary health care from the perspective of implementation science. / A colaboração interprofissional na atenção primária à saúde na perspectiva da ciência da implementação.

The objective was to analyze the perceptions of primary health care (PHC) workers about interprofessional collaboration from the perspective of implementation science. This is a qualitative study that used in-depth interview as a data production technique. Interviews were conducted with 15 workers (three community health agents, one nursing assistant, three nurses, three managers, three physicians, and two nursing technicians) from basic health units in the Municipality of São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo State, Brazil. The interview plan was based on three domains of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Thematic content analysis was used. In the interprofessional collaboration characteristics domain, respondents highlighted the complexity, and its possible influence, as to the implementation and sustainability of this practice. In the inner setting domain, factors that influence interprofessional collaboration were identified, namely: how the time allocated to formal communication/team meetings is used; social interactions between professionals; and leadership characteristics, such as feedback, autonomy and participation in decisions. In the individuals characteristics domain, participants noted interprofessional collaboration geared to quality of care and the need for integration between knowledge centers. Thus, measures to enhance the quality of communication, collective team building and leadership can contribute to improve interprofessional collaboration in PHC and leverage its impacts on health care.

O objetivo foi analisar as percepções de trabalhadores da atenção primária à saúde (APS) sobre a colaboração interprofissional na perspectiva da ciência de implementação. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo que utilizou a entrevista em profundidade como técnica de produção de dados. Foram entrevistados 15 trabalhadores (três agentes comunitários de saúde, um auxiliar de enfermagem, três enfermeiros, três gerentes, três médicos e dois técnicos de enfermagem) de unidades básicas de saúde no Município de São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brasil. O roteiro da entrevista baseou-se em três dimensões do Quadro Conceitual Consolidado para Pesquisa de Implementação (CFIR; Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research). Foi realizada análise de conteúdo temática. Na dimensão características da colaboração interprofissional, os entrevistados destacaram a complexidade, e sua possível influência, na implementação e sustentabilidade dessa prática. Na dimensão cenário interno, foram identificados fatores que influenciam a colaboração interprofissional: como se utiliza o tempo destinado a comunicação formal/reuniões de equipe; interações sociais entre os profissionais; e características da liderança, como feedback, autonomia e participação nas decisões. Na dimensão características dos indivíduos, os participantes destacaram a colaboração interprofissional direcionada para a qualidade do cuidado e a necessidade de integração entre os núcleos de saberes. Assim, ações para aperfeiçoar a qualidade da comunicação, a construção coletiva em equipe e o aprimoramento da liderança podem contribuir para melhorar a colaboração interprofissional na APS e potencializar seus impactos na atenção à saúde.

El objetivo fue analizar las percepciones de los trabajadores de atención primaria de salud (APS) sobre la colaboración interprofesional desde la perspectiva de la ciencia de implementación. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo que utilizó la entrevista en profundidad como técnica de producción de datos. Fueron entrevistados 15 trabajadores (tres agentes comunitarios de salud, un auxiliar de enfermería, tres enfermeros, tres gerentes, tres médicos y dos técnicos de enfermería) de unidades básicas de salud en el Municipio de São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brasil. La guía de la entrevista se basó en tres dimensiones del Marco Consolidado para la Investigación sobre la Implementación (CFIR; Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research). Se realizó un análisis de contenido temático. En la dimensión característica de la colaboración interprofesional, los entrevistados destacaron la complejidad y la posible influencia en su implantación y sostenibilidad. En la dimensión escenario interno, fueron identificados factores que influencian en la colaboración interprofesional: cómo se utiliza el tiempo destinado a la comunicación formal/reuniones de equipo; las interacciones sociales entre los profesionales, y las características del liderazgo, como feedback, la autonomía y la participación en las decisiones. En la dimensión de las características de los individuos, los participantes destacaron la colaboración interprofesional orientada a la calidad de la atención y la necesidad de integración entre los núcleos de saberes. Así, las acciones para mejorar la calidad de la comunicación, la construcción colectiva en equipo y la mejora del liderazgo pueden contribuir para mejorar la colaboración interprofesional en la APS y mejorar sus impactos en la atención a la salud.

Economic evaluations of colorectal cancer screening: A systematic review and quality assessment

Abstract Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide and ranks second in mortality. Screening programs for early detection and treatment have been implemented in several countries. Economic evaluations are an important tool to support decision-making about reimbursement and coverage decisions in health systems and, therefore, to support efficient resource allocation. The article aims to review the up-to-date evidence on economic evaluations of CRC screening strategies. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, SciELO, Lilacs, CRD databases, and lists of references were reviewed to identify relevant literature regarding full economic evaluations of CRC screening in asymptomatic average-risk individuals over 40 years old. Searches were conducted with no restriction to language, setting, or date. Qualitative syntheses described CRC screening strategies and comparators (baseline context), study designs, key parameter inputs and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Seventy-nine articles were included. Most of the studies were from high-income countries and a third-party payer perspective. Markov models were predominantly used, although microsimulation has been increasingly adopted in the last 15 years. The authors found 88 different screening strategies for CRC, which differed in the type of technique, the interval of screening, and the strategy, i.e., isolated or combined. The annual fecal immunochemical test was the most predominant screening strategy. All studies reported cost-effective results in their scenarios compared to no screening scenarios. One-quarter of the publications reported cost-saving results. It is still necessary to develop future economic evaluations in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), which account for the high burden of disease.

A colaboração interprofissional na atenção primária à saúde na perspectiva da ciência da implementação / La colaboración interprofesional en la atención primaria de salud desde la perspectiva de la ciencia de la implementación / Interprofessional collaboration in primary health care from the perspective of implementation science

O objetivo foi analisar as percepções de trabalhadores da atenção primária à saúde (APS) sobre a colaboração interprofissional na perspectiva da ciência de implementação. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo que utilizou a entrevista em profundidade como técnica de produção de dados. Foram entrevistados 15 trabalhadores (três agentes comunitários de saúde, um auxiliar de enfermagem, três enfermeiros, três gerentes, três médicos e dois técnicos de enfermagem) de unidades básicas de saúde no Município de São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brasil. O roteiro da entrevista baseou-se em três dimensões do Quadro Conceitual Consolidado para Pesquisa de Implementação (CFIR; Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research). Foi realizada análise de conteúdo temática. Na dimensão características da colaboração interprofissional, os entrevistados destacaram a complexidade, e sua possível influência, na implementação e sustentabilidade dessa prática. Na dimensão cenário interno, foram identificados fatores que influenciam a colaboração interprofissional: como se utiliza o tempo destinado a comunicação formal/reuniões de equipe; interações sociais entre os profissionais; e características da liderança, como feedback, autonomia e participação nas decisões. Na dimensão características dos indivíduos, os participantes destacaram a colaboração interprofissional direcionada para a qualidade do cuidado e a necessidade de integração entre os núcleos de saberes. Assim, ações para aperfeiçoar a qualidade da comunicação, a construção coletiva em equipe e o aprimoramento da liderança podem contribuir para melhorar a colaboração interprofissional na APS e potencializar seus impactos na atenção à saúde.

The objective was to analyze the perceptions of primary health care (PHC) workers about interprofessional collaboration from the perspective of implementation science. This is a qualitative study that used in-depth interview as a data production technique. Interviews were conducted with 15 workers (three community health agents, one nursing assistant, three nurses, three managers, three physicians, and two nursing technicians) from basic health units in the Municipality of São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo State, Brazil. The interview plan was based on three domains of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Thematic content analysis was used. In the interprofessional collaboration characteristics domain, respondents highlighted the complexity, and its possible influence, as to the implementation and sustainability of this practice. In the inner setting domain, factors that influence interprofessional collaboration were identified, namely: how the time allocated to formal communication/team meetings is used; social interactions between professionals; and leadership characteristics, such as feedback, autonomy and participation in decisions. In the individuals characteristics domain, participants noted interprofessional collaboration geared to quality of care and the need for integration between knowledge centers. Thus, measures to enhance the quality of communication, collective team building and leadership can contribute to improve interprofessional collaboration in PHC and leverage its impacts on health care.

El objetivo fue analizar las percepciones de los trabajadores de atención primaria de salud (APS) sobre la colaboración interprofesional desde la perspectiva de la ciencia de implementación. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo que utilizó la entrevista en profundidad como técnica de producción de datos. Fueron entrevistados 15 trabajadores (tres agentes comunitarios de salud, un auxiliar de enfermería, tres enfermeros, tres gerentes, tres médicos y dos técnicos de enfermería) de unidades básicas de salud en el Municipio de São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brasil. La guía de la entrevista se basó en tres dimensiones del Marco Consolidado para la Investigación sobre la Implementación (CFIR; Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research). Se realizó un análisis de contenido temático. En la dimensión característica de la colaboración interprofesional, los entrevistados destacaron la complejidad y la posible influencia en su implantación y sostenibilidad. En la dimensión escenario interno, fueron identificados factores que influencian en la colaboración interprofesional: cómo se utiliza el tiempo destinado a la comunicación formal/reuniones de equipo; las interacciones sociales entre los profesionales, y las características del liderazgo, como feedback, la autonomía y la participación en las decisiones. En la dimensión de las características de los individuos, los participantes destacaron la colaboración interprofesional orientada a la calidad de la atención y la necesidad de integración entre los núcleos de saberes. Así, las acciones para mejorar la calidad de la comunicación, la construcción colectiva en equipo y la mejora del liderazgo pueden contribuir para mejorar la colaboración interprofesional en la APS y mejorar sus impactos en la atención a la salud.

Conceptual mapping proposed to comprehend the effect of wheelchair mobility on social participation and quality of life: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: To identify and synthesise the available evidence on the effect of mobility on social participation and quality of life (QoL) of wheelchairs (WC) on adults who use WC as their primary means of mobility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systematic review undertaken in accordance with the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination Guidelines and registered in the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic reviews. Nine electronic databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, LILACS, CINAHL, PEDro, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and BVS ECOS) were searched with the following PICO eligibility criteria: (P) Population was individuals with mobility limitations that live in their community, aged 18 or older; (I) Intervention was mobility devices, such as manual and powered wheelchairs; (C) Comparators, not applied; (O) Outcome was factors that can be influenced by wheelchair use, such as: social participation, health-related quality of life and QOL. Critical appraisal of methodological quality of studies were undertaken. RESULTS: A total of 18 studies were included. The proportion of studies evaluating the effects of mobility on participation was higher than to mobility on QoL. WC quality, device benefit (ease of repairs and maintenance), confidence using a WC and WC skills were key factors determining participation. The provision of WC according to the eight steps service proposed by the Word Health Organisation contributed to higher levels of physical health, WC satisfaction, hours using the WC and QoL enhancement. CONCLUSION: Attention should be given to enhance WC service provision (with continuous service support) as well as professional continuing education.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONWheelchair technology is a key element in rehabilitation. Significant effort should be made to provide and maintain the wheelchair as a facilitator to participation. A great attention should be done to enhance wheelchair services as well as professional continuous education.Wheelchair skills are associated with participation and may be targeted in clinical intervention.

Logical model of telenursing program of a high complexity oncology care center.

OBJECTIVE: To develop the logical model of the Alô Enfermeiro program aiming at elucidating the existing structure, activities carried out, and expected results, allowing the program implementation systematic evaluation. METHOD: This is an evaluative study with a qualitative approach. The development of the logical model was based on systematic methodologies, constituted from the analysis of institutional documents, literature review, search for essential elements that supported the implementation of the program, and the participation of stakeholders for discussion and validation of the data obtained. RESULTS: It was possible to define the macro problem that gave rise to the program, establish the definition of the Program Alô Enfermeiro, target audience, general and specific objectives, as well as to structure the necessary components, such as inputs and activities, indicating the expected results in the short, medium, and long term. The logical model allowed the identification of the Alô Enfermeiro Program evaluation question, directed to the evaluation of results. CONCLUSION: The logical model developed allowed the comprehension of the program structure, the interaction among the activities carried out and the expected results of the "Alô Enfermeiro".

Decision criteria for resource allocation: an analysis of CONITEC oncology reports. / Critérios de decisão para a alocação de recursos: uma análise de relatórios da CONITEC na área de oncologia.

In health technology assessment (HTA), decision criteria are considered relevant to support the complex deliberative process that requires simultaneous consideration of multiple factors. The aim was to identify and analyze the decision criteria that have been used by the National Health Technology Assessment Commission (CONITEC) when recommending the incorporation of technologies for the treatment of cancer. Descriptive study, based on reports from CONITEC, between 2012 and 2018, on oncology technologies. The data were collected in a specific extraction form and analyzed using descriptive statistics. 39 reports were analyzed, 15 of them did not present any explicit decision criteria. Medicines were the most frequently evaluated type of technology. The most frequent types of cancers were: breast cancer, head and neck cancer, colorectal cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and lung cancer. The most frequently considered criteria were: financial impact and effectiveness. The study identified the decision criteria that have been most used in the area of ​​oncology, however, the lack of transparency in relation to the weight of these criteria makes it difficult to understand their influence on the result of the decisions taken.

Nos processos de avaliação de tecnologias em saúde (ATS), critérios de decisão são considerados relevantes para apoiar o complexo processo deliberativo que requer consideração simultânea de múltiplos fatores. Objetivou-se identificar e analisar os critérios de decisão que têm sido utilizados pela Comissão Nacional de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde (CONITEC) na recomendação de incorporação de tecnologias para o tratamento do câncer. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, baseado em relatórios da CONITEC, entre 2012 e 2018, sobre tecnologias em oncologia. Os dados foram coletados em formulário de extração específico e analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas. Foram analisados 39 relatórios, 15 deles não apresentavam nenhum critério de decisão explícito. Os medicamentos constituíram o tipo de tecnologia mais frequentemente avaliado. Os tipos de cânceres mais frequentes foram: de mama, de cabeça e pescoço, colorretal, linfoma não Hodgkin e de pulmão. Os critérios considerados com mais frequência foram: impacto financeiro e efetividade. O estudo identificou os critérios de decisão que têm sido mais utilizados na área de oncologia, entretanto, a falta de transparência em relação ao peso desses critérios torna difícil compreender a influência deles no resultado das decisões tomadas.

Critérios de decisão para a alocação de recursos: uma análise de relatórios da CONITEC na área de oncologia / Decision criteria for resource allocation: an analysis of CONITEC oncology reports

Resumo Nos processos de avaliação de tecnologias em saúde (ATS), critérios de decisão são considerados relevantes para apoiar o complexo processo deliberativo que requer consideração simultânea de múltiplos fatores. Objetivou-se identificar e analisar os critérios de decisão que têm sido utilizados pela Comissão Nacional de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde (CONITEC) na recomendação de incorporação de tecnologias para o tratamento do câncer. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, baseado em relatórios da CONITEC, entre 2012 e 2018, sobre tecnologias em oncologia. Os dados foram coletados em formulário de extração específico e analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas. Foram analisados 39 relatórios, 15 deles não apresentavam nenhum critério de decisão explícito. Os medicamentos constituíram o tipo de tecnologia mais frequentemente avaliado. Os tipos de cânceres mais frequentes foram: de mama, de cabeça e pescoço, colorretal, linfoma não Hodgkin e de pulmão. Os critérios considerados com mais frequência foram: impacto financeiro e efetividade. O estudo identificou os critérios de decisão que têm sido mais utilizados na área de oncologia, entretanto, a falta de transparência em relação ao peso desses critérios torna difícil compreender a influência deles no resultado das decisões tomadas.

Abstract In health technology assessment (HTA), decision criteria are considered relevant to support the complex deliberative process that requires simultaneous consideration of multiple factors. The aim was to identify and analyze the decision criteria that have been used by the National Health Technology Assessment Commission (CONITEC) when recommending the incorporation of technologies for the treatment of cancer. Descriptive study, based on reports from CONITEC, between 2012 and 2018, on oncology technologies. The data were collected in a specific extraction form and analyzed using descriptive statistics. 39 reports were analyzed, 15 of them did not present any explicit decision criteria. Medicines were the most frequently evaluated type of technology. The most frequent types of cancers were: breast cancer, head and neck cancer, colorectal cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and lung cancer. The most frequently considered criteria were: financial impact and effectiveness. The study identified the decision criteria that have been most used in the area of ​​oncology, however, the lack of transparency in relation to the weight of these criteria makes it difficult to understand their influence on the result of the decisions taken.

Logical model of telenursing program of a high complexity oncology care center / Modelo lógico del programa de teleenfermería de un centro de asistencia de alta complexidad en oncología / Modelo lógico do programa de telenfermagem de um centro de assistência de alta complexidade em oncologia

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop the logical model of the Alô Enfermeiro program aiming at elucidating the existing structure, activities carried out, and expected results, allowing the program implementation systematic evaluation. Method: This is an evaluative study with a qualitative approach. The development of the logical model was based on systematic methodologies, constituted from the analysis of institutional documents, literature review, search for essential elements that supported the implementation of the program, and the participation of stakeholders for discussion and validation of the data obtained. Results: It was possible to define the macro problem that gave rise to the program, establish the definition of the Program Alô Enfermeiro, target audience, general and specific objectives, as well as to structure the necessary components, such as inputs and activities, indicating the expected results in the short, medium, and long term. The logical model allowed the identification of the Alô Enfermeiro Program evaluation question, directed to the evaluation of results. Conclusion: The logical model developed allowed the comprehension of the program structure, the interaction among the activities carried out and the expected results of the "Alô Enfermeiro".

RESUMEN Objetivo: Desarrollar el modelo lógico del programa "Alô Enfermeiro" con el objetivo de elucidar la estructura existente, actividades realizadas y resultados esperados para que se pueda hacer la evaluación sistemática de la implementación del programa. Método: Se trata de una investigación evaluativa de abordaje cualitativo. El desarrollo del modelo lógico basó en metodologías sistemáticas, constituidas a partir del análisis de los documentos institucionales, revisión de la literatura, busca por elementos esenciales que fundamentaron la implementación del programa, y la participación de los stakeholders para debate y validez de los datos obtenidos. Resultados: Fue posible definir el macro problema que originó el programa, establecer la definición del Programa "Alô Enfermeiro", público destinatario, objetivo general y específicos, además de estructurar los componentes necesarios como, por ejemplo, insumos y actividades, indicando los resultados esperados a corto, medio y largo plazo. El modelo lógico permitió la identificación de la pregunta evaluativa del Programa "Alô Enfermeiro" direccionada a la evaluación de resultados. Conclusión: El modelo lógico desarrollado facilitó la comprensión de la estructura del programa, de la interacción entre las actividades realizadas y los resultados esperados del "Alô Enfermeiro".

RESUMO Objetivo: Desenvolver o modelo lógico do programa Alô Enfermeiro com o intuito de elucidar a estrutura existente, atividades realizadas e resultados esperados, possibilitando a avaliação sistemática da implementação do programa. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa avaliativa de abordagem qualitativa. O desenvolvimento do modelo lógico foi embasado em metodologias sistemáticas, constituídas a partir da análise dos documentos institucionais, revisão da literatura, busca por elementos essenciais que fundamentaram a implementação do programa, e a participação dos stakeholders para discussão e validação dos dados obtidos. Resultados: Foi possível definir o macroproblema que deu origem ao programa, estabelecer a definição do Programa Alô Enfermeiro, público-alvo, objetivos geral e específicos, além de estruturar os componentes necessários, como insumos e atividades, indicando os resultados esperados em curto, médio e longo prazo. O modelo lógico permitiu a identificação da pergunta avaliativa do Programa Alô Enfermeiro, direcionada à avaliação de resultados. Conclusão O modelo lógico desenvolvido possibilitou a compreensão da estrutura do programa, da interação entre as atividades realizadas e os resultados esperados do "Alô Enfermeiro".

Health Technology Assessment: informed by science or in the service of politics?

The youth of Health Technology Assessment (HTA), as an institutional policy at the national level, signals the need to reflect on how its implementation took place under the perspective of its insertion in health policy and the scientific field. At the end of its first decade, these questions arise: has HTA translated into a health policy informed by science? Has its scientific foundation been used in the service of politics? To understand this political process, we apply the multiple-streams framework formulated by John Kingdon. The use of science to inform policy and the political use of science present themselves in an unstable balance. The survival of this policy will depend not only on science but on the art of orchestrating the interests of various agents so that HTA becomes a health policy for strengthening and sustainability of SUS.

Factors associated with the costs of palliative care: a retrospective cost analysis at a university Cancer hospital in Brazil

Background: There have been few studies evaluating the costs of palliative care (PC) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), especially for patients with cancer. Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify the sociodemographic and clinical variables that could explain the cost per day of PC for cancer in Brazil. Methods: This was a retrospective cost analysis of PC at a quaternary cancer center in São Paulo, Brazil, between January 2010 and December 2013. Factors influencing the cost per day were assessed with generalized linear models and generalized linear-mixed models in which the random effect was the site of the cancer. Results: The study included 2985 patients. The mean total cost per patient was $12,335 (standard deviation [SD] = 14,602; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 11,803 to 12,851). The mean cost per day per patient was $325.50 (SD = 246.30, 95% CI = 316.60 to 334.30). There were statistically significant differences among cancer sites in terms of the mean cost per day. Multivariate analysis revealed that the drivers of cost per day were Karnofsky performance status, the number of hospital admissions, referral to PC, and place of death. Place of death had the greatest impact on the cost per day; death in a hospital and in hospice care increased the mean cost per day by $1.56 and $1.83, respectively. Conclusion: To allocate resources effectively, PC centers in LMICs should emphasize early enrollment of patients at PC outpatient clinics, to avoid hospital readmission, as well as advance planning of the place of death.

Patient and public involvement in health technology decision-making processes in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The study aims to characterize and discuss the processes of patient and public involvement (PPI) in the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa), the National Committee for Health Technology Incorporation (Conitec), and the National Agency for Supplementary Health (ANS) in Brazil. METHODS: This is an exploratory, descriptive, and comparative study, conducted by analyzing the public documents and regulation of the three institutions. RESULTS: The mechanisms for PPI included public consultations, public hearings, participation in advisory committees, and health technology evaluation requests. Anvisa conducted 187 public consultations between 1999 and 2018, gathering 10,699 contributions. In total, 76 (41%) public consultations did not present information about the contributions received. Conitec carried out 234 public consultations and received 53,174 contributions between 2011 and 2018. It was identified that 70 (23%) recommendations from Conitec did not go through public consultation, and 26 (8%) recommendations changed after public consultation. Recommendation changes seemed to have occurred especially in cases with a greater number of contributions in the public consultation process. ANS conducted eight public consultations regarding the list of health procedures and events covered by health insurances between 2000 and 2018, and it received 31,498 contributions. For three public consultations, there was no information about the number of contributions received. CONCLUSIONS: There are regulatory advances and institutional activity supporting PPI in highly technical decision-making processes in Brazil, although heterogeneously among the analyzed institutions. The power of PPI to influence health technology deliberative processes still requires in-depth studies, including the characterization of stakeholders and the legitimacy of decisions.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the NoMAD questionnaire to Brazilian Portuguese.

BACKGROUND: The Normalization Measure Development (NoMAD) tool is used to determine the contextual determinants in the process of implementing complex health interventions. The aim of this study is to translate and culturally adapt NoMAD to Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: The cross-cultural adaptation was performed in five steps: 1) translation of the questionnaire into Portuguese; 2) synthesis and creation of the first version; 3) back-translation of the instrument into the source language; 4) review of the instrument by a group of experts and target professionals; and 5) pretesting. A final version of the questionnaire was answered by users of a clinical monitoring system in specialist care services for people living with HIV/AIDS, and the internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: The questionnaire was answered by 188 health professionals, of which 87.7% were female, and the average age was 45.2 years. For the final version of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha was over 0.70 for the construct's coherence (0.74), collective action (0.70), cognitive participation (0.71), and reflexive monitoring (0.81). CONCLUSION: The NoMAD questionnaire was cross-culturally adapted and can be used to evaluate the implementation of complex health care interventions.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the NoMAD questionnaire to Brazilian Portuguese

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: The Normalization Measure Development (NoMAD) tool is used to determine the contextual determinants in the process of implementing complex health interventions. The aim of this study is to translate and culturally adapt NoMAD to Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: The cross-cultural adaptation was performed in five steps: 1) translation of the questionnaire into Portuguese; 2) synthesis and creation of the first version; 3) back-translation of the instrument into the source language; 4) review of the instrument by a group of experts and target professionals; and 5) pretesting. A final version of the questionnaire was answered by users of a clinical monitoring system in specialist care services for people living with HIV/AIDS, and the internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: The questionnaire was answered by 188 health professionals, of which 87.7% were female, and the average age was 45.2 years. For the final version of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha was over 0.70 for the construct's coherence (0.74), collective action (0.70), cognitive participation (0.71), and reflexive monitoring (0.81). CONCLUSION: The NoMAD questionnaire was cross-culturally adapted and can be used to evaluate the implementation of complex health care interventions.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: O questionário Normalisation Measure Development (NoMAD) tool busca identificar os fatores contextuais determinantes no processo de implementação de intervenções complexas em saúde. Este artigo tem por objetivo traduzir e adaptar culturalmente o NoMAD para o português do Brasil. MÉTODOS: A adaptação transcultural foi realizada em cinco etapas: 1-Tradução do questionário para o português; 2-Síntese e criação da primeira versão; 3-Retro-tradução do instrumento para a língua de origem; 4-Revisão por grupo de especialista e profissionais-alvo do instrumento; e 5-Pré-teste. A versão final do questionário foi respondida por usuários do sistema de monitoramento clínico em serviços de assistência especializada às pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS e sua consistência interna foi avaliada por meio de alpha de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: O questionário foi respondido por 188 profissionais, 87,7% eram do sexo feminino e média de idade de 45,2 anos. A versão final do questionário apresentou α de Cronbach superiores a 0.70 nos construtos coerência (0.74), ação coletiva (0.70), participação cognitiva (0,71) e monitoramento reflexivo (0.81). CONCLUSÃO: O questionário NoMAD foi adaptado transculturalmente e pode ser utilizado para avaliar a implementação de intervenções complexas no cuidado em saúde.

Patient and public involvement in health technology decision-making processes in Brazil / Participação social na gestão de tecnologias em saúde em âmbito federal no Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE The study aims to characterize and discuss the processes of patient and public involvement (PPI) in the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa), the National Committee for Health Technology Incorporation (Conitec), and the National Agency for Supplementary Health (ANS) in Brazil. METHODS This is an exploratory, descriptive, and comparative study, conducted by analyzing the public documents and regulation of the three institutions. RESULTS The mechanisms for PPI included public consultations, public hearings, participation in advisory committees, and health technology evaluation requests. Anvisa conducted 187 public consultations between 1999 and 2018, gathering 10,699 contributions. In total, 76 (41%) public consultations did not present information about the contributions received. Conitec carried out 234 public consultations and received 53,174 contributions between 2011 and 2018. It was identified that 70 (23%) recommendations from Conitec did not go through public consultation, and 26 (8%) recommendations changed after public consultation. Recommendation changes seemed to have occurred especially in cases with a greater number of contributions in the public consultation process. ANS conducted eight public consultations regarding the list of health procedures and events covered by health insurances between 2000 and 2018, and it received 31,498 contributions. For three public consultations, there was no information about the number of contributions received. CONCLUSIONS There are regulatory advances and institutional activity supporting PPI in highly technical decision-making processes in Brazil, although heterogeneously among the analyzed institutions. The power of PPI to influence health technology deliberative processes still requires in-depth studies, including the characterization of stakeholders and the legitimacy of decisions.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Caracterizar e discutir os processos formais de participação social previstos e implementados pelas instituições Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa), Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias no SUS (Conitec) e Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS). MÉTODOS Estudo exploratório, descritivo, comparativo, conduzido por meio de análise de documentos publicados até 2018 no sítio eletrônico e da legislação específica de cada instituição. RESULTADOS Os espaços de participação social identificados incluem a representação em colegiados e participação direta por meio de uma demanda inicial ou em consultas públicas, audiências públicas e ouvidorias. A Anvisa conduziu 187 consultas públicas entre 1999 e 2018, e contabilizou 10.699 contribuições. Em 76 (41%) consultas públicas não há informações sobre as contribuições recebidas. A Conitec conduziu 234 consultas públicas, e recebeu 53.174 contribuições entre 2011 e 2018. Identificou-se que 70 (23%) recomendações da Conitec foram emitidas sem consulta pública, e 26 (8%) recomendações preliminares foram alteradas após consulta pública. As alterações de recomendação aconteceram especialmente em casos com grande volume de contribuições. A ANS conduziu 8 consultas públicas sobre o rol de procedimentos e eventos em saúde entre 2000 e 2018, e recebeu pelo menos 31.498 contribuições. Em três consultas públicas não há informações sobre o número de contribuições recebidas. CONCLUSÕES Observa-se recente avanço normativo e de desempenho institucional em favor da participação social em espaços decisórios notadamente técnicos, embora de forma bastante heterogênea entre as instituições analisadas. O poder deliberativo da participação social de influenciar as decisões em saúde ainda necessita de estudo aprofundado, incluindo a caracterização dos participantes e a legitimidade das decisões subsequentes.

Integrated care pathway for rectal cancer treatment: cross-sectional post-implementation study using a logic model framework.

BACKGROUND: Management of rectal cancer has become more complex with multimodality therapy (neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery) and this has led to the need to organize multidisciplinary teams. The aim of this study was to report on the planning, implementation and evaluation of an integrated care pathway for neoadjuvant treatment of middle and lower rectal cancer. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional post-implementation study that was carried out at a public university cancer center. METHODS: The Framework for Program Evaluation in Public Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was used to identify resources and activities; link results from activities and outcomes with expected goals; and originate indicators and outcome measurements. RESULTS: The logic model identified four activities: stakeholders' engagement, clinical pathway development, information technology improvements and training programs; and three categories of outcomes: access to care, effectiveness and organizational outcomes. The measurements involved 218 patients, among whom 66.3% had their first consultation within 15 days after admission; 75.2% underwent surgery < 14 weeks after the end of neoadjuvant treatment and 72.7% completed the treatment in < 189 days. There was 100% adherence to the protocol for the regimen of 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin. CONCLUSIONS: The logic model was useful for evaluating the implementation of the integrated care pathways and for identifying measurements to be made in future outcome studies.

Cost effectiveness of the cancer prevention program for carriers of the BRCA1/2 mutation.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cost effectiveness of the diagnostic program for the germline mutation in BRCA1/2 genes and of preventative strategies for the relatives of patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer associated with this mutation. METHODS: The study analyzed the cost effectiveness by developing an analysis of the Markov decision process from the perspective of the National Health System. The strategies compared reflect upon the adoption of genetic testing and preventative strategies for relatives or the usual care currently proposed. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was expressed in terms of cost per case avoided. The sensitivity analysis was performed in a univariate and deterministic manner. RESULTS: The study showed increments for effectiveness and for costs when performing genetic testing and adopting prophylactic measures for family members. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was estimated at R$908.58 per case of cancer avoided, a figure considered lower than the study's cost-effectiveness threshold (R$7,543.50). CONCLUSIONS: The program analyzed should be considered a cost-effective strategy for the national situation. Studies in various other countries have reached similar conclusions. One possible ramification of this research might the need to perform a budgetary-impact analysis of making the program one of the country's health policies.

Simple but not simpler: a systematic review of Markov models for economic evaluation of cervical cancer screening.

The aim of this study was to critically evaluate the quality of the models used in economic evaluations of screening strategies for cervical cancer prevention. We systematically searched multiple databases, selecting model-based full economic evaluations (cost-effectiveness analyses, cost-utility analyses, and cost-benefit analyses) of cervical cancer screening strategies. Two independent reviewers screened articles for relevance and performed data extraction. Methodological assessment of the quality of the models utilized formal checklists, and a qualitative narrative synthesis was performed. Thirty-eight articles were reviewed. The majority of the studies were conducted in high-income countries (82%, n=31). The Pap test was the most used screening strategy investigated, which was present in 86% (n=33) of the studies. Half of the studies (n=19) used a previously published Markov model. The deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed in 92% (n=35) of the studies. The mean number of properly reported checklist items was 9 out of the maximum possible 18. Items that were better reported included the statement of decision problem, the description of the strategies/comparators, the statement of time horizon, and information regarding the disease states. Compliance with some items of the checklist was poor. The Markov models for economic evaluation of screening strategies for cervical cancer varied in quality. The following points require improvement: 1) assessment of methodological, structural, heterogeneity, and parameter uncertainties; 2) model type and cycle length justification; 3) methods to account for heterogeneity; and 4) report of consistency evaluation (through calibration and validation methods).

Health services management modalities in the Brazilian Unified National Health System: a narrative review of research production in Public Health (2005-2016). / Modalidades de gestão de serviços no Sistema Único de Saúde: revisão narrativa da produção científica da Saúde Coletiva no Brasil (2005-2016).

The current study aimed to systematically analyze trends and priorities in the theoretical and conceptual approaches and empirical studies on specific health services management modalities in the Brazilian Unified National Health System. A narrative review of the literature identified, in 33 publications, the location and nature of services, management models, methodological procedures, and study outcomes. The research deals mainly with the models' conceptual and legal characteristics and management practices, in addition to addressing contracts, procurement, human resources, financing, and control mechanisms. In conclusion, the literature is limited and concentrated in the State of São Paulo, showing little theoretical diversity and methodological weaknesses, while it is nonconclusive as to the superiority of one management model over another. New evaluation studies are needed that are capable of comparing different models and assessing their performance and their effects on the quality of health services' provision, the population's health, and the health system's organization.